Scientific Glossary
Essential terminology mapping proteomics workflows, mass-spec biology, and trial validations.
Proteomics and Translational Oncology Terms
Proteomics
The large-scale study of the proteome—the complete complement of proteins produced, modified, and utilized by an organism, cell line, or tissue system under specific physiological conditions.
Discovery Proteomics
An unbiased, high-resolution analytical mass-spectrometry approach that aims to identify and quantify as many proteins as possible (typically 8,000+ per sample) in a sample without pre-selecting specific targets.
Post-Translational Modification (PTM)
The covalent and generally enzymatic modification of proteins during or after protein synthesis. Common PTMs include phosphorylation, glycosylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination, which dictate the functional activation state of the cell.
Phosphoproteomics
A specialized branch of proteomics that isolates and maps phosphorylated proteins, allowing scientists to characterize active intracellular kinase cascades and identify escape pathways responsible for drug resistance.
ProteoModels
Yatiri Bio's proprietary database of patient-derived cellular and ex-vivo cancer models characterized by baseline global proteomics. These models are mapped against drug sensitivity screens to uncover predictive biomarker signatures.
Companion Diagnostics (CDx)
A diagnostic test or device that is clinically validated and paired with a specific therapeutic drug to determine its safety and efficacy for a particular patient, facilitating clinical patient selection.
CLIA / CAP Certified
Certifications indicating compliance with the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) and College of American Pathologists (CAP) standards, validating that laboratory tests on human specimens meet clinical-grade quality, accuracy, and safety benchmarks.
Wong et al., 2019 Study
A peer-reviewed clinical trial analytics study (Wong, C. H., Siah, K. W., & Lo, A. W. (2019). "Estimation of clinical trial success rates and related parameters." Biostatistics, 20(2), 273-286) establishing that oncology drug development has a 3.4% historical success rate, equating to a 95% clinical failure rate.
Sun et al., 2022 Study
A clinical-trial audit study (Sun, D., et al. (2022). "Why 90% of clinical drug development fails and how to improve it." Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B, PMC9293739) demonstrating that 40–50% of drug failures stem from a lack of clinical efficacy, and 30% from safety and toxicity issues.